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The dead sea scrolls (also the qumran caves scrolls) are ancient jewish and jewish religious manuscripts discovered between 1946 and 1956 in the qumran caves in what was then mandatory palestine, near ein feshh on the west bank, https://keycodesoftware.com/ on the northern shore of the dead sea. The dead sea scrolls date back to the 3rd century bc. Found in the biblical canons, along with deuterocanonical and extra-biblical manuscripts, leaving evidence of the diversity of religious thought in late second temple judaism. At the same time they shed new light on the emergence of christianity and rabbinical judaism.[2] most of the scrolls are preserved in the country in the shrine of the book in the israel museum, but ownership of them is disputed by jordan due to the history of the qumran caves: after the end of the british mandate in palestine in 1947, jordan occupied this territory. During the arab-israeli war of 1948, and israel captured as a similar area, just a few scrolls from jordan during the six-day war of 1967. By the way, very often from the scrolls are still in jordan and in our time are exhibited in the jordanian museum in amman. The ownership of the scrolls is also disputed by the state of palestine.[4] Many thousands of written fragments have been found near the dead sea. They are the remains of larger manuscripts damaged by natural causes or human intervention, the vast majority of them containing only small fragments of text. However, a few well-preserved, almost intact manuscripts have survived - less than a dozen among the manuscripts from the qumran caves[1]. The researchers collected a collection of 981 different manuscripts discovered in 1946/47 and 1956 in 11 caves.[5] 11 qumran caves are located in direct proximity to the jewish settlement of the hellenistic period in khirbet qumran in the east of the judean desert on the west bank of the jordan river.[6] the caves are located approximately one and a half kilometers (1 mile) to the west of the northwestern shore of the dead sea, from where they received their name. Archaeologists have long associated the scrolls with an ancient jewish sect called the essenes, although a number of recent interpretations dispute this connection and claim that the scrolls were written by priests in jerusalem, or the sadokites, or other unknown jewish groups. [Seven, eight] Most of the texts are in hebrew, some are in aramaic (for example, the text of the son of god; in various regional dialects, including nabataean), important information about everything is in greek.[9] discoveries from the judean desert add latin (from masada) and arabic (from khirbet al mird) texts. Most of the texts are written on parchment, some on papyrus and the only one on copper.[11] according to the general point of view of physicians, the scrolls date back to the last three centuries bc and one of the first centuries of modern times, [1] [12], although manuscripts from related sites in the judean desert date back to the 8th century bc and the 11th century ad. . ] Bronze coins found in public places form a series starting with john hyrcanus (office 135-104 bc) and continuing until the period of the first jewish-roman war (66-73 ad) , which indicates the radiocarbon and paleographic dating of the scrolls. .[14] Due to the poor condition of some of the scrolls, scholars have not identified their main texts. The identified texts are divided into 3 main groups: 1. About 40% are copies of texts from the hebrew scriptures.2. Approximately another 30% are texts from the second temple period that as a result were not canonized in the hebrew bible, such as the book of enoch, the book of jubilees, the book of tobit, the wisdom of sirach, psalms 152-155, etc. 3. The rest (about a third%) are sectarian manuscripts of previously unknown evidence that shed light on the norms and denominations of one category (sect) or groups within the wider judaism, such as the charter of the community, the military scroll, pesher on habakkuk and the rule of blessing.[15 ][citation needed for verification]discovery The dead sea scrolls were found in 12 caves around what was originally known as the ein feshkha caves near the dead sea in the west bank (then part of jordan) between 1946 and 1956 by bedouin shepherds or together with friends of archaeologists. The practice of storing dilapidated sacred manuscripts in clay vessels buried in the ground or in caves is associated with the ancient jewish custom of genizah. Initial discovery (1946-1947)

The first discovery of the bedouin shepherd mohammed ed-dhib, his cousin jum'a mohammed and khalil musa took place between november 1946 issue and february 1947.[17][18] the shepherds found seven scrolls (cf.Scrolls and fragments) kept in jars in a cave near this site, which is known in modern times as the city of qumran. John s. Trever has reconstructed the history of the scrolls from many bedouin interviews. Edh-dhib's cousin noticed the caves, but edh-dhib himself was the first to actually be listed in one of these (the cave is now called cave 1). He took out some scrolls, which trever identifies as the isaiah scroll, habakkuk's commentary, and the rules of the group, and took the firewood back to the camp to display the loved ones. At the same time none of the scrolls remained destroyed.[19] the bedouin kept the scrolls hanging by the tent strippers while they contemplated what to do with them, occasionally showing the scrolls to their people. At some point during this, the community rule was split in two. The bedouin first took the scrolls to a merchant called ibrahim 'ija in bethlehem. 'Ija returned them, saying how useless they were, once he was warned that the images remained stolen from the synagogue. The undaunted bedouins went to the nearest market, where a syrian christian offered to buy them. The sheikh joined their conversation and offered to take the scrolls to khalil eskander shahin, "kando", a shoemaker and part-time antique dealer. The bedouin and middlemen returned for employment, leaving one kando scroll and selling three others to a dealer for seven jordanian pounds (roughly $28 or 340 greenbacks in 2021 us currency). The original scrolls continued to change hands as soon as the bedouin left them in the possession of a third party until a sale could be arranged. (See ownership.)

In 1947, the original seven scrolls came to the attention of john c. Trever of the american school of oriental research (asor), who compared the conversation plan, in the scrolls, to the nash papyrus type. The oldest of the biblical manuscripts recognized at that time, and found a similarity among them. In the early spring of 1948, the arab-israeli war prompted some of the scrolls to be moved to beirut, lebanon for safekeeping. On april 11, 1948, millar burrows, head of the asor, announced the discovery of the scrolls in a press release. On september 1948, metropolitan bishop mar samuil brought the five extra scroll fragments he had purchased to professor ovid r. Sellers, the new director of the asor. In late 1948, almost 2 years after the discovery of the scrolls, scientists had yet to locate the original cave where the fragments had been found. Due to unrest in the russian federation at that very moment it was impossible to conduct large-scale searches normally. The sellers tried to persuade the syrian to lend a helping hand to the thirsty cave, but the ailment was unable to pay their cost. Early in 1949, the jordanian government granted the arab legion clearance to search the area where the original qumran cave was thought to be. Consequently, cave 1 was rediscovered on 28 january 1949 by belgian united nations observer captain philippe lippens and arab legion captain akkash el zebn. 1951) The rediscovery of the phenomenon that people have come to know as cave 1 at qumran prompted the initial excavations of that point from february 15 to march 5, 1949 by the department of antiquities of jordan under the direction of gerald lankester harding and roland de vo.[22] in cave 1, additional fragments of the dead sea scrolls, linen, jugs and all sorts of artifacts were found. ) In november 1951, roland de teaching and his friendly team from asor began a full-fledged excavation of qumran.[24] by february 1952, the bedouins had discovered 30 fragments there, which should have been designated cave 2. The discovery of the second cave essentially yielded 300 fragments from 33 manuscripts, even fragments of the feasts and the wisdom of sirach written in hebrew. In another month, march 14, 1952, the asor group discovered a third cave with elements of holidays and the copper scroll.[25] between september and december 1952, elements and scrolls from several and 6 caves were found by asor groups. Was made public, the bedouin and asor archaeologists hastened the tedious search for the scrolls at once in their area of qumran, whose length exceeded a kilometer. Between 1953 and 1956 de vaux led four more archaeological expeditions in the reworking area, a good opportunity to uncover scrolls and artifacts. Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded the last fragments found in the vicinity of qumran. Yards) from khirbet qumran, while caves 1, row, and 11 are one mile (a couple of km) to the north, and cave 3 is the furthest.[27][28] At the end in the winter of 1917, archaeologists at the hebrew university announced the discovery of a new 12th cave.[29] the financial institution produced one blank parchment, but broken and empty scroll containers and a pickaxe suggest that the cave was ransacked in the 1950s.[30] In march 2021, israeli archaeologists announced the discovery of dozens of fragments of biblical text written in greek from the books of zechariah and nahum. It is generally accepted that this group of finds was hidden in a cave between 132 and 136 ad. During the bar kokhba uprising.[31] however, a 10,500-year-old basket carved from woven reed has also been found in the murabaat caves in the nahal darga reserve. Among other finds were the remains of a child wrapped in cloth, dated to about 6,000 years ago, and a cache of coins from the bar kochba rebellion. Were found by the israeli authorities in another cave near the dead sea, called the cave of terror.[33][34] Scrolls and fragments 972 manuscripts found at qumran , were found in half the cases in 2 several versions: in the form of scrolls, even in the form of fragments of previous scrolls and text. In the fourth cave, the fragments were torn into 15 percent percent percent percent 000 pieces. These tiny fragments created some problem for the scientists. H. L. Harding, director of the jordanian department of antiquities, began the task of joining the fragments together, and did not complete it until his death in 1979.[35] Cave 1 The original seven scrolls from cave 1 at qumran are the great scroll of isaiah (1qisaa), the second copy of isaiah (1qisab), the scroll of community rules (1qs), pesher habakkuk (1qphab), the scroll of war (1qm), hymns thanksgiving (1qh) and the apocryphon of genesis (1qapgen).[36] Qumran cave 1 Cave 2 Cave qumran 2 2q28 2q29 2q30 2q31 2q32 2q33 Cave 3 Qumran cave 3 3q11 3q13 caves 4a and 4b Cave 4 was discovered by september 1952 and excavated 22–29 september 1952 by gerald lankester harding, roland de learning and jozef milik. 137] cave 4 is actually two hand-carved caves (4a and 4b), however, since the fragments were mixed, they are marked as 4q. Cave 4 is important both for its visibility from the qumran plateau, never for its productivity. It is visible from the plateau south of the site of qumran. This is, of course, the most productive of the various caves of qumran, the documents contain 90 scrolls and fragments of the dead sea scrolls (approximately 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), in particular 9-10 copies of the jubilees, and in addition 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot. Qumran cave 4 Transition: archaic to hasmonean Early hasmonean Hasmonean Middle hasmonean Middle herodian Transitional: hasmonean to premature herodian transition period: hasmonean to herodian Early herodian Late hasmonean Paleo-hebrew script Archaic paleo-hebrew 12-15; two or three-4; 3:12; 4:one-two; five or six-7 (seven, eight); 7: two or three, 20; nahum 1:7-9; 2:9-11; 3:1-three, 17; habakkuk several?; Zephaniah 3:three-5; zechariah 10:11-12; 11:multiple; 12:1–3 ). ) Cave 5 Cave 5 was discovered next to cave 6 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of cave 4. Approximately 27 manuscripts were found in cave 5 .[25 ] Qumran cave 5 Cave 6 Cave 6 was discovered next to cave 5 in 1952 , soon as a result of the discovery of cave 4. Cave 6 contained fragments of about 31 manuscripts. >Qumran cave 6 Cave 7 No more than 20 fragments of greek documents were found in cave 7, in particular 7q2 (“letter of jeremiah” = baruch 6), 7q5 (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades, and a greek copy of the enoch scroll.[417][418][419] several sherds and jars with inscriptions were also found in cave 7.[420] Lists of groups of fragments collected in wadi qumran cave 7:[384][385] qumran cave 7 Cave 8 Cave 8, along with caves 7 and nine, was the most serious of the few caves you can enter through the settlement at qumran.Cave 8, carved into the southern part of the qumran plateau, has been excavated by archaeologists in 1957. Cave 8 contains five fragments: genesis (8qgen), psalter (8qps), fragment of tefillin (8qphyl), mezuzah (8qmez) and hymn (8qhymn).[427] cave 8 also found several cases for tefillin, a box with leather items, tons of lamps, kuv tires and soles of leather shoes.[420] List of groups of fragments collected at wadi qumran.Cave 8:[384][385] Qumran cave 8 Deuteronomy over six-five or six:1-three; 10-15-22; 10:12-19; 5:1-14; ten-13; 11:up to three; 10:21-22; 11:1; 11:6-12 Herodian Cave 9 Cave 9, together with caves 7 and 8, was the most the most serious of the only caves to really get into, passing through the settlement at qumran. Cave 9, carved in the southern part of the qumran plateau, was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. One fragment was worked out in cave 9. Qumran cave 9 cave 10 In cave 10, archaeologists found two ostraks with inscriptions on them, as well as an unknown symbol on a gray stone slab. Qumran cave 10 Cave 11 Cave 11 was organized in 1956 and you produced 21 texts, a number of which became quite long. The temple scroll, so named because over fifty percent of it relates to the construction of the jerusalem temple, was invented in cave 11 and is of course considered a mega-long scroll by many users. Now its length is 26.7 feet (8.15 m). Its original length may have been over 28 feet (8.75 m). The temple scroll was regarded by yigael yadin as “torah according to the essenes”. On the other hand, hartmut stegemann, a contemporary and friend of yadin, believed that the scroll was forbidden to be studied even at the present time, and than the documentation of which had no exceptional value. Stegemann emphasizes that its use is not mentioned and therefore not cited in the juicy famous writings of the essenes.[429] An eschatological fragment about the biblical character melchizedek (11q13) was also found in cave 11. Cave 11 also yielded a copy of the feasts and a proto-masoteric text of a torah scroll (only a fragment of leviticus survives), known as the paleo-jewish leviticus. , There are at least four private scrolls from cave 11 that additionally could not be afforded by scholars. Of these, the complete aramaic manuscript of the book of enoch.[430] List of groups of fragments collected in wadi qumran cave 11: Qumran cave 11 Late herodian Late hasmonean or early herodian Cave 12 Cave 12 was discovered at the end of winter 2017 on the rocks west of qumran, not far from the northwestern shore of the dead sea.[29] pickaxes and empty, broken glass scroll containers have been found during various antiquities surveys, hinting that the cave was discovered and looted in the 1950s. Dr. Oren gutfeld, one of the popular investigators of a joint project between the hebrew university of jerusalem and the freethinking school in virginia, stated: “although after a second there was not a single scroll found, but instead of everything else, we “only” found a rolled piece of parchment. In a jar that was processed for writing, the finds clearly indicate the fact that the stolen scrolls were in the cave.”[30] Fragments of unknown origin Some the scroll fragments do not adhere to any significant archaeological origin, nor do records indicate where you were found in the qumran cave. Many believe that these preparations came from the caves of wadi qumran, and it is also likely that people came from alternative archaeological sites before the judean desert. Therefore, these segments have been recognized as the “x” time series. Dead sea scroll 175, complete, testimony, from qumran cave 4, jordanian museum, amman Scroll dead sea 28a from qumran cave 1, complete, jordanian museum in amman War scroll found in qumran cave 1. A part of the second discovered copy of isaiah's scroll , 1qisab. Dead sea scroll part 28a from qumran cave 1. Jordanian museum, amman Dead sea scroll, isaiah cave, from qumran cave 4. Jordanian museum, amman Dead sea scroll 175, testimony, from qumran cave 4. Jordanian museum, amman Dead sea scroll 109, kohelet or ecclesiastes, from qumran caves 4. Jordanian museum, amman Dead sea scrolls in the jordanian museum in amman strips of copper dead sea scroll in the jordanian museum, from qumran cave 3, 1st century ad Strip 11 of the copper dead sea scroll, qumran cave 3, jordan museum Strip 15 of the copper dead sea scroll, qumran cave 3, jordan museum Strip 13 of the copper dead sea scroll from qumran cave 3, jordan museum strip 1 and two copper dead sea scrolls from qumran cave 3, jordan museum Dead sea scroll 109, kohelet or ecclesiastes, from qumran cave 4, jordanian museum, ammanDead sea scroll 109, kohelet or ecclesiastes, from qumran cave 4, in jordanian museum, amman Dead sea scroll, isaiah pesher, from qumran cave 4, jordan museum in amman Dead sea scroll 175, testimony, from qumran cave 4, jordan museum in amman amman Fragment, dead sea scroll 175, testimony, from qumran cave 4, jordanian museum in amman Dead sea scroll 28a from qumran cave 1, jordanian museum in amman Part of a scroll a dead sea 28a from qumran cave 1, jordan museum, amman Part of dead sea scroll 28a from qumran cave 1, jordan museum, amman Rewind dead sea excerpt nt 5/6hev ps, found in the cave of letters in nahal hever that the scrolls originated with the essenes, a sect of jews living in nearby qumran, but this theory is questioned by several modern scholars.[435] >the point of view among scholars, which was almost universally held until the 1990s, is the “qumran-essenes” hypothesis, originally put forward by roland guérin de vaux[436] and jozef tadeusz milik[437]. Although independently of one another both eliezer sukenik and butrus sovmi of st. Mark's monastery associated the scrolls with the essenes well in advance of any excavations at qumran. The qumran-essene theory shows that the scrolls were written by the essenes or another jewish sectarian group living in khirbet qumran. They made rolls of farewell and hid videos in former allied caves during the jewish uprising in others between 66 and 68 years after the birth of christ. The city of qumran was destroyed and the scrolls were never restored. A number of arguments are given to support this theory. - There is a striking similarity between the description of the initiation ceremony for new members in the rules of the group and the descriptions of the essenes' initiation ceremony mentioned in the works of flavius josephus, the jewish-roman historian of the period of the second temple.- Flavius josephus mentions the essenes as dividing property among the members of the community, as well as the charter of the community.- During the excavations of khirbet qumran, two inkwells and plastered elements, presumably tables, were discovered, which assures that some form of writing was produced there. More inkwells were found nearby. De vaux named the area “scriptorium” based on this discovery. - In qumran, several jewish ritual baths (hebrew: מקוה, mikvah) were found, which certify the observance of the jewish presence at the proposed site. ) Describes a group of essenes who lived in a desert community on the northwestern shore of the dead sea near the ruined city of ein gedi. Essene theory. The main point of departure from the qumran-essenian theory is the reluctance to associate the dead sea scrolls specifically with the essenes. Most supporters of the qumran-sectarian theory believe that a group of jews living in qumran or its vicinity are responsible for the dead sea scrolls, however, they do not always conclude that the sectarians are essenes. A variant of the qumran-sectarian theory that emerged in the 1990s and has become more accepted in modern times is the work of lawrence h. Schiffman, who suggests that the community was led by a group of sadokite (sadducee) priests[439]. The most significant crust that testifies to this idea is the “miksat maase ha-torah” (4qmmt), where the laws of purity (including the transfer of impurities) are quoted, identical situations that are attributed to the sadducees in rabbinical writings. 4qmmt also reproduces the festival calendar that sadducean principles need to date certain festival days. Years, that only one fragment (7q5) saves a section of text from the new testament gospel of mark 6:52-53. This hypothesis was carefully tested in 2000 by paleographic analysis of a particular fragment. And yet, it has caused some controversy, and o'callaghan's theory remains the subject of great controversy.Subsequent analyzes in 2004 and 2018 confirmed o'callaghan's original claim. [Citation needed] Robert eisenman theorized that many of the scrolls describe the early christian community. Eisenman also admitted that the careers of james the just and the apostle paul correspond to events recorded in many devices from similar documents.[441] Jerusalem origin theory Some experts claim that the scrolls were invented by jews living in jerusalem, who hid the scrolls in caves near qumran, fleeing from the romans in destruction of jerusalem in 70 ad[442] karl heinrich rengstorff first suggested in the 1960s that the dead sea scrolls originated from the library of the jewish temple in jerusalem. Norman golb later suggested that the scrolls were the product of several libraries in jerusalem, but not only those of the jerusalem temple library. Advocates of the jerusalem origin theory point to the diversity of thought and writing in the scrolls as well as evidence against the qumran origin of the scrolls. Several archaeologists have also acknowledged the origin of the scrolls besides qumran, even yitzhar hirschfeld[446] and more recently yitzhak magen and yuval peleg[447], who are all aware that the remains of qumran belong to a hasmonean fortress that was reused in the process for further periods. Physical characteristics Radiocarbon dating The parchment from some of the dead sea scrolls has been carbon dated. On a piece of canvas from almost caves. Such a study gave a tentative date of 33 ad. Plus or minus 200 years, excluding early hypotheses taken down in the medieval period. Since then, 2 main numerous tests of the scrolls themselves have been carried out. The results were summarized by vanderkam and flint, who stated that the tests give “their reasons to dream that the bulk of the qumran manuscripts date from the last two centuries bc and the first century after christ.”[20]:32 Palaeographic dating The analysis of letterforms, or paleography, has been applied to the history of the dead sea scrolls by various scholars in the field. The main linguistic analysis by cross and avigad dates the fragments from 225 b.C. To 50 ad these dates were determined by examining the size, variation, and behavior of the text.[450] similar fragments were later analyzed by radiocarbon dating and dated to the range of 385 bc. Before 82 ad exactly 68%.[449] Ink and parchment The scrolls have been extensively examined by means of a cyclotron at uc davis, where it has been found that any films the black ink was soot.[451] the red ink on the scrolls was found to be made from cinnabar (hgs, mercury sulfide)[452]. In the entire collection of fragments of the dead sea scrolls, this red ink is used only four times[452]. The black ink found on the scrolls is most often made from carbon black from olive oil lamps. Honey, oil, vinegar, and water were often added to the concrete to dilute the ink to a consistency suitable for writing. At times, galls were added to the ink to make them a little more stable. To ink the scrolls, their writers used reed pens. % Of scrolls), papyrus (according to 8-13% of scrolls) and bronze metal sheet products, consisting of about 99% copper and 1% tin (about one and a half% of scrolls). Regarding those scrolls written on animal skins, scientists at the israel antiquities authority, using dna analysis for their assembly tasks, know that there must be a hierarchy of the texts' religious significance based on what kind of animal was used to develop the skin. . Scrolls written on goatskin and calfskin are considered by scholars to be more significant in terms of the proposed character, just as scrolls written on gazelle or ibex are considered less religious in terms of personal character.[456] In addition, tests by the national institute of nuclear physics in sicily, italy have demonstrated that the parchment origin of selected dead sea scroll fragments comes from the core area of qumran, via x-rays and particle-induced x-rays. The water used in the manufacture of parchment was compared to water from the qumran region.[457] Preservation The dead sea scrolls, which were originally found, were kept dry, dry requirements and low humidity near qumran, adjacent to the dead sea. In addition, the absence of tanning articles on the parchment of the dead sea scrolls and the lower atmospheric flow in the qumran caves also contributed particularly to their preservation.Most of the scrolls were found stored in clay jars in the caves of qumran, which, in addition to the above, more helped to save them from pathologies. The original handling of the scrolls by archaeologists and scholars was done in an inappropriate style and, together with their storage in an uncontrolled environment, they began to wear out faster than at qumran[460]. In the early years, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the adhesive tape used to seal timber and seal cracks caused serious damage to documents.[460] the jordanian government has recognized the urgent need to protect the scrolls from wear and tear among the scrolls.[461] but the government did not have sufficient preparations to acquire all the scrolls to guarantee them that it agreed that foreign institutions would buy the scrolls and store the rollers in their own museum in jerusalem until such time as the people were “adequately studied.”[461]At the beginning of 1953, the tools purchased were transported to the palestine archaeological museum (commonly referred to as the rockefeller museum)[462] in east jerusalem, and as a result of their transportation, they were already more deteriorated and damaged.[20]:63-65 museum was underfunded and had limited sites for the development of the scrolls, and as a result, “scroll” conditions and warehouses remained relatively uncontrolled by advanced standards. The museum left a significant portion of the parts and scrolls lying between the window panes, holding moisture along with it, which caused the deterioration process to accelerate. Ottoman bank in amman, jordan. The damp conditions of the placement of the scrolls in the ottoman bank collection from 1956 to the spring of 1957 resulted in more untimely wear of the scrolls. Conditions have caused fungus to form on the scrolls and fragments, and other fragments have been partially destroyed or are illegible due to the glue and paper of the manila envelopes where they were stored in the collection. By 1958, it was noted that 5% of some scrolls had completely deteriorated.[461] many texts became illegible, and much of the parchment darkened significantly.[20][460] Until the 1970s, scrolls continued to deteriorate due to poor storage conditions, exposure to a variety of adhesives, and exposure to damp environments. [460] fragments written on parchment (but not papyrus or bronze) before the eyes of private collectors and scholars suffered an even worse fate than those that existed in the arms of the museum, since by 1966 it was reported that the bulk of the fragments had disappeared. By the end of the 1960s, the deterioration became a serious difficulty both for scientists and museum officials. Scientists john allegro and sir francis frank were the first to actively advocate for more cost-effective conservation methods. Early attempts by both the british and israeli museums to remove the duct tape ended up exposing the parchment to a variety of chemicals, including “british leather finishing”, some of which visibly darkened. Other conservation efforts were made in the 1970s and 1980s, which included removing the glass plates and replacing them with cardboard, and removing pressure on the plates where the scrolls were kept; however, parts and scrolls continued to deteriorate rapidly in our day.[460] In 1991, the israel antiquities authority set up a temperature-controlled laboratory to house and preserve the scrolls. The gestures and conservation techniques of the rockefeller museum staff were scattered to remove tape, oils, metals, salt, and other contaminants. The elements and scrolls are preserved using acid-free cardboard and placed in solander boxes on a collar with an official climate. ) In 2014, once they had been stored unopened for six decades after the excavation in 1952. Iaa prepares to unroll the phylacteries or tefillin as soon as a safe procedure is decided.[465][466] Photography and assembly Because the dead sea scrolls initially suffered before through the eyes of all sides in the process and then the excavation process, the insects did not turn into photographed by one and boring organization. The first photographs of the american school of oriental research (1948) The first person to photograph part of the collection was john c. Trever (1916–2006), biblical scholar and archaeologist who was a resident of the american school of oriental studies. Captured in cave 1 on february 21, 1948 exactly on black and white, never on standard color film. Despite the fact that the partner is an amateur photographer, the quality of his photographs often exceeded the visibility of the scrolls themselves. Because over the years the ink of the texts quickly deteriorated as soon as they were removed from the linen wrapping. Infrared photography and plate assembly by the palestine archaeological museum (1952–1967)Most of the qumran caves collection was acquired by the palestine archaeological museum. In the museum, the scrolls were photographed by najib albina, a local arab photographer trained by lewis larsson of the american colony in jerusalem.[469] between 1952 and 1967, albina documented the five-step process of sorting and assembling the scrolls by a curator and staff at the palestine archaeological museum using infrared photography. Using a process now known as broadband fluorescent infrared photography or nir photography, najib and the museum team produced over 1,750 photographic plates of the scrolls and fragments.[20]:68[470][471][472] the photographs were taken with the scrolls, spread out on the human skin of animals, with the help of a large-format film, in connection with which the text stood out, which made the plates especially interesting for assembling fragments. [20]: 68 on the site are particularly early photographs of the museum's collection, which was the most complete in the world at that time, and the models recorded goods and scrolls before their further decay into storage, for this reason they are considered to be the best recorded copies of the scrolls.[473] The israel antiquities authority and nasa in modern infrared (1993-2012) Since 1993, the us national aeronautics and universe administration has used digital infrared imaging technology to obtain photographs of fragments of the dead sea scrolls. In collaboration with the center for ancient biblical manuscripts and west semitic research, nasa's jet propulsion laboratory has successfully worked to expand the use of infrared photography, which was previously used to analyze ancient manuscripts, by expanding the range of spectra where images are photographed. Nasa has used this multispectral imaging technique, adapted from its remote sensing and planetary probes, to establish previously illegible text on fragments of the dead sea scrolls. In such a case, a liquid crystal adjustable filter is used to photograph scrolls at certain wavelengths of light, during which image distortion is significantly reduced. The implantation method was used with the best fragments of the dead sea scrolls to install the text and additions, they could not reveal the cameras taking photos using more variety of light. The camera and digital image unit were created personally for photographing illegible ancient texts.[476] December 18, 2012[477] the first output of this project appeared together with google on the highly specialized platform deadseascrolls.Org.Il .[478] the resource includes both digitized old images made in the 1950s, as well as about 1000 new images made with nasa's new technology.[479] Israel antiquities authority and collection of dna scrolls ( 2006-2020) / >Scientists at the israel antiquities authority used the dna of the parchment on which the dead sea scroll fragments were written, combined with infrared digital photography, to help reassemble the scrolls. For scrolls written on parchment made from leather of their patients and papyrus, museum scientists use the dna code to facilitate contact between fragments and different scrolls and to help scientists determine which scrolls may be of greater importance, depending on the type of material used. Above, published this year in the journal cell, researchers at tel aviv university demonstrated that ancient dna extracted from ancient scrolls can be used to sort different elements of the scrolls not on the basis of animal species alone, but also on the basis of variations in the nuclear genome. Certain parts from this attempt allowed the researchers to match almost any detail on different characteristics created from their genetics and certain details from that were falsely linked in 2019.[480][481] Israel museum of jerusalem and google digitization project (2011–2016) In partnership with google, the museum of jerusalem is working to photograph the dead sea scrolls and offer them to the public electronically, rather than having the images freely available. Domain.[482] project lead photographer ardon bar-hama and the concrete team use an alpa 12 max camera with a leaf aptus-ii back to acquire ultra-high resolution digital images of the scrolls and fragments[483]. With images taken at 1200 megapixel elimination, the result is digital photographs that are realistically exploitable to distinguish details invisible to the naked eye. To minimize damage to scrolls and fragments, photographers use a shutter speed of 1/4000 second and uv-guaranteed flash bulbs.[482] the value of a digital photography object 7 years ago was estimated at about five million us dollars.[483] Scientific expertise After that, as well as most of the scrolls and fragments to the palestine archaeological museum in 1953, scholars began to collect them and register them for rotation and study at home, which is now known as the “scroll”.[484] Text of the dead “sea scrolls” created in 4 different languages: hebrew, aramaic, greek and nabataean. Publication Physical publication and controversy Some details and scrolls have been published before. Most of the more honeycomb, banknotes and pompous scrolls were published shortly after their discovery. All registrations in cave 1 were selected between 1950 and 1956; those of eight other caves appeared in 1963; and in 1965 the scroll of psalms from cave 11 was published. English translations soon followed. Controversy The publication of the scrolls took several decades, and delays have been a source of academic controversy. The scrolls were controlled by a small group of scholars led by john strugnell, while most scholars did not have access to the scrolls or even to the snapshots of the text. Scholars like norman golb, publishers and writers like herschel shanks, and others have advocated for decades for the texts to be published in order to make them loyal to scholars. After the intervention of the israeli state and the israel antiquities authority (iaa). In 1991, emanuel tov was appointed chairman of the dead sea scrolls foundation, even in his year the publication of the scrolls followed. External description Fragments that were assembled quickly, which almost everyone considers excessively slow. During the early editing and translation work of scholars through the rockefeller museum from the 1950s to the 1960s, access to unpublished documents was restricted by an editorial committee. (1955–2009) The contents of the scrolls were published by the oxford university press in a 50-volume series between 1955 and 2009, known as discoveries in the judean wilderness. In 1952, the department of antiquities of jordan assembled a team of scholars to study, assemble and subtitle the scrolls for publication.[495] the original publication, collected by dominik barthelemy and jozef milik, was located as qumran cave 1 in 1955. After numerous other publications in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and the conjoining appointment of the respected dutch-israeli textual scholar emanuel tov as editor-in-chief of the dead sea scrolls publication project in 1990, publication of the scrolls accelerated. By 1995, tov's team had published five volumes covering the cave 4 documents. Between 1990 and 2009, tov helped the team prepare 32 volumes. The last volume, volume xl, was published in 2009 Preliminary edition of the unpublished dead sea scrolls (1991) In 1991, researchers from the jewish union college in cincinnati, ohio, ben zion wackholder and martin abegg announced the founding of a computer program that used previously published scrolls to reconstruct unpublished texts. State officials at the huntington library in san marino, california, led by chief librarian william andrew moffett, have announced how they will provide researchers with access to the library's final set of photographs of the scrolls. In the autumn of the same year, wackholder published 17 documents, reconstructed in 1988 by coordination and falling into the hands of scientists who are not part of an international group; in its month, the discovery and publication of a whole complex of facsimiles of cave 4 materials in the huntington library took place. After these formalities, the officials of the israel antiquities authority agreed to lift their longstanding stoppage on the stacking of the scrolls.[497] Facsimile edition of the dead sea scrolls (1991)After further delays, lawyer william john cox took over the representation of an “unnamed client” who provided a full set of unpublished photos or contracted their publication. Professors robert eisenman and james robinson indexed the photographs and wrote a preface to a facsimile edition of the dead sea scrolls published by the society for biblical archaeology in 1991. The jerusalem district court ruled in favor of kimron in september 1993. The defendants filed an appeal. The israeli supreme court upheld the district court's decision one month later in 2000. The supreme court further ordered that the defendants hand over the infringing electronic copies to kimron. / >Facsimile edition by facsimile editions ltd, london, england (2007-2008) In november 2007.The dead sea scrolls foundation commissioned london-based publisher facsimile editions limited to produce a facsimile edition of the great isaiah scroll (1qisa), the order of the community (1qs) and from pesher to habakkuk (1qphab). The facsimile was developed from photographs taken in 1948, which is why it much more accurately reflects the state of the isaiah scroll at the time of its discovery than the observed state of the real isaiah scroll. At the early christianity and the dead sea scrolls auto show in seoul, south korea, and another set was purchased by the british library in london. A further 46 sets, including a facsimile of three fragments from cave 4 (today in the catalog of the national archaeological museum in amman, jordan), testimonia (4q175), pesher isaiahb (4q162) and qohelet (4q109), were announced in late spring 2009. Strict edition limited to 49 numbered sets of these reproductions either on specially prepared parchment paper or original parchment. A comprehensive set of facsimiles (three scrolls, including an isaiah scroll and three jordanian fragments) can be purchased for $60,000. In the native library, paris, france (2010)[508] and verbum domini in the vatican, rome, italy (2012.)[509] Digital publication Olive tree bible software (2000-2011) The text of absolutely all non-biblical scrolls was recorded and marked for morphology by dr. Martin abegg jr. Ben zion wackholder, professor of dead sea scrolls west of trinity university, located in langley, british columbia, canada. Which works on mobile devices through special programs olive tree bible - biblereader, on mac and windows computers through an emulator through accordance with a full set of cross-references, and in addition, on windows through special programs logos bible and bibleworks. The dead sea scrolls reader (2005) The text of probably all non-biblical texts from the dead sea scrolls was developed on cd by publisher e.J. Brill in 2005[511] the 2,400-page, 6-volume series was compiled by an editorial team led by donald w. Parry and emanuel tov. Apart from the textual translations in the physical edition of discoveries in the judean wilderness, the texts are sorted into sections, including religious law, parabiblical texts, calendrical and sapiental texts, and poetic and liturgical works.[511]

Leon levy digital library of the dead sea scrolls

Decent quality images of some of the dead sea scrolls, including infrared photographs, are now widely available online at 2 dedicated websites. October 19, 2010, it was announced[513] that the israel antiquities authority will scan documents using multispectral imaging technology developed by nasa to render text images at excellent resolution, and then, in collaboration with google, to make their free online[514] in the data bank the ability to select and supplement with voice acting, and other scientific tools. Similar conclusions Two silver amulets in the form of a scroll, dated ca. 600 bc and containing parts of the priestly blessing from the book of numbers, were excavated in jerusalem at ketef-hinnom. On september 25, 2011, the israel museum's digital dead sea scrolls website went online.[515] [516] it provides users with quick access to images of scrolls with a surfing perspective in flawless quality, as well as short explanatory videos and background information about texts and phone histories. As of may 2012 [update] five complete scrolls from the israel museum have been digitized for resolution and are widely available online: the great isaiah scroll, community rule scroll, habakkuk commentary, temple scroll, and war. Scroll. Biblical meaning Before the discovery of the dead sea scrolls, the oldest hebrew bible manuscripts were masoretic texts dating back to the 10th century. Ad, such as the code of aleppo.[517] now the oldest recognized surviving manuscripts of the masoretic text date from around the 9th century. Biblical manuscripts found among the dead sea scrolls push literature back a thousand years to the 2nd century bc. This was a significant discovery for old testament scholars who expected the dead sea scrolls to either confirm or disprove the validity of the textual transmission from the present texts to the oldest masoretic texts. The discovery demonstrated extraordinary fidelity over a millennium period, providing evidence that the modern texts of the old testament are reliable copies of the original creations. According to the dead sea scrolls hebrew scholar millar burrows Of the 166 words in isaiah 53, only seventeen letters are considered. Ten of the letters here are just a matter of spelling, it doesn't affect the meaning. Four more letters represent minor stylistic changes, which include conjunctions. The remaining three letters make up the word “light”, which is added in verse 11 and may not always greatly affect the meaning.[519] It is important to note that differences have been found between the fragments. Texts. According to the oxford companion to archeology: Although some of the qumran biblical manuscripts are almost identical to the masoretic or traditional hebrew text of the old testament, some manuscripts of the books of exodus and samuel, found in the fourth cave, show significant differences as in language as well as in content. In their astonishing variety of textual variants, the qumran biblical discoveries have prompted scholars to reconsider the ever accepted theories of the development of the modern biblical text from only the groups of manuscripts described: the masoretic text, the hebrew original of the septuagint, and the samaritan pentateuch. Today it is becoming more and more obvious that the holy scriptures of the old testament were extremely variable until its canonization, about a century ad.[520] Bible books found The documents of the dead sea scrolls include 225 biblical texts, or about 22% of the urban number, and the number of deuterocanonical books increases to 235.[521][522] the dead sea scrolls contain portions of all but the one-off books of the tanakh of the hebrew bible and the protocanon of the old testament. They also include four deuterocanonical books inscribed in the catholic and eastern orthodox bibles: tobit, sirach, baruch 6 (also known as the epistle or the epistle of jeremiah), and psalm 151. The book of esther has not been found beyond this, and nutritionists claim that esther is missing, for her marriage to the persian king, as a jewess, was able to be looked down upon by the inhabitants of qumran,[523] or because the book mentions the feast of purim. Which is not included in the qumran calendar. Scripture from any biblical book:[524][525] Non-biblical books Most of the texts found among the dead sea scrolls cannot be considered biblical by their inherent nature and were considered insignificant simply for the composition or canonization of the biblical books, but a consensus arose according to which a solid number of such works were collected by the community of essenes, but not compiled by them. In the 21st century, scholars know that many of these works were written before the time of the essenes, when certain of the biblical books were still being written or edited to their final form.[529] Museum exhibitions and screenings Small portions of the dead sea scroll collections have been temporarily exhibited in museums and public places around the world. Most of these exhibitions went in 1965 in america and great britain, and from 1993 to 2011 -. Many exhibitions were sponsored by either the jordanian government (before 1967) or the israeli government (after 1967). Exhibitions were halted after 1965 due to the six day battle conflicts and slowed down after 2011 as the israel antiquities authority works to digitize the scrolls and put the rollers in permanent cold storage. The entire collection of the dead sea scrolls has been relocated to the jerusalem shrine of the book (part of the israel museum) following construction in april 1965. The museum is housed like the israel antiquities authority, the official agency of the israeli government. The museum's regular dead sea scrolls display features a reproduction of the great isaiah scroll, surrounded by reproductions of other fragments such as the rules of the community, the scroll of battle, and the scroll of thanksgiving psalms.[531][532] Some of the collections the dead sea scrolls, which belonged to the jordanian government until 1967, were kept in amman, but not behind the palestinian archaeological museum in east jerusalem. Thus, this part of the collection remained with the jordanians in that department of antiquities. For many years, part of jordan's collection has been on display at the jordan museum in amman.[533] among the exhibits are artifacts from qumran and the copper scroll.[534] After their discovery in 1947 in what was then mandatory palestine, the dead sea scrolls were first moved to palestine. Archaeological museum. From 1948 to 1967, the museum, in the company of all of east jerusalem, was administered by jordan. After the israeli occupation of the west bank, including east jerusalem, in 1967, the palestine archaeological museum (soon renamed the archaeological museum rockefeller) came under israeli administration, and the collection of the dead sea scrolls stored there was moved to the “temple of the book” in the israel museum to the west of jerusalem.The israel museum is masquerading as the israel antiquities authority, the official agency of the israeli government. The museum's regular display of the dead sea scrolls features a reproduction of the great isaiah scroll surrounded by reproductions of other fragments, even the rules of the community, the battle scroll, and the thanksgiving psalm scroll.[531][532] Some of the scroll collections the dead sea, which belonged to the jordanian government until 1967, was kept in amman, but not behind the palestinian archaeological museum in east jerusalem. Thus this part of the collection remained before the eyes of the jordanians in that department of antiquities. Since 2013, part of the jordan collection has been exhibited at the jordan museum in amman.[533] artifacts from qumran and the copper scroll are among the exhibits.[534] Israel claims to own a collection of the dead sea scrolls, which is now preserved in the israel museum. This claimed ownership is disputed by both jordan and palestinian [535] Forgeries and claimed private property Agreements with the bedouins left the scrolls in the hands of a third party until a bargain could be negotiated . This third party, george ishaya, was a member of the syriac orthodox church, who soon contacted st. Mark's monastery in the hope of earning an appreciation of the nature of the texts. The news of the find reached metropolitan athanasius yeshue samuel, better known as mar samuel. After examining the scrolls and suspecting their antiquity, mar samuel expressed his concern for acquiring them. Four scrolls fell into such a pen: the scroll of isaiah (1qisaa), the community charter, habakkuk pesher (commentary on the book of habakkuk) and the apocryphon of genesis. More scrolls soon appeared in the antiquities trade, and prof. Eleazer sukenik and prof. Benjamin mazar, archaeologists at the hebrew university, soon noticed three from the house: the war scroll, hymns of thanksgiving, and a 3rd, more fragmented, isaiah scroll (1qisab). [536] on july 1, 1954, after delicate conversations and for an escort of three people, including the metropolitan, the scrolls arrived at the residence of the waldorf astoria in new york. Devices were purchased by professor mazar and professor sukenik's son yigael yadin for $250,000 (about $2,500,000 in 2021 us currency[537]) and brought to jerusalem[538] Since 2002 , many forgeries of the dead sea scrolls have settled on the black field. ”, And they were purchased between the 2000s and 2014, and in the meantime they were modern fakes. Fragments of the sea scrolls: Property disputes Official ownership of the dead sea scrolls is disputed between jordan, israel and the palestinian authority. The debate over the dead sea scrolls stems from the most general israeli-palestinian conflict over land and country recognition. Kimron's lawsuit against the society for biblical archeology was filed because the study they published was his copyright because he reconstructed about 40% of the published text. In an appeal in 2000 before judge aharon barak, the sentence was upheld by the israeli supreme court in kimron's sense. Nimmer showed how this freedom was applicable in theory of the law, but how it was not in reality, since the israel antiquities authority tightly controlled quick access to scrolls and scroll pictures.[557] ancient jewish scripturesbook of secretscairo genizalead codices of jordanketef hinnom scrolls (7/6th century bc), the oldest items containing biblical text (variant of numbers 6:24-26 etc. .D.)Nag hammadi libraryoxyrhynchus papyrusteacher of righteousnessexplanatory notes

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Fitzmyer 2008, p. 18. Bruce, f.F. “The dead sea habakkuk scroll”, university of leeds oriental society yearbook i (1958/59): 5–24. Fitzmyer 2008, p. 16. Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 16-18. Schiffman, lawrence h. (2000). Encyclopedia of the dead sea scrolls. New york, ny: oxford university press. A b c d e f g h i j k l fitzmyer 2008, p. 19. 1q1 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 1q2 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 1q3 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw axay az ba bb bc oaktree software, inc. Correspondence 10: bible software. 2008. 1q4 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 1q5 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 1q6 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 1q7 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea leon levy 1q9 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 1q10 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 1q11 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 1q12 digital dead sea scrolls library by leon levy a b c d e f g fitzmyer 2008, p. 20. 1q13 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 1q14 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 1q15 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 1q16 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 1q17 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 1q18 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 1q19 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library fitzmyer 2008, pp. 20–21. 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Retrieved 22 january 2015. 25. 2q1 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q2 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q3 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q4 in digital leon levy dead sea scrolls library 2q5 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q6 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q7 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q8 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q9 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g h fitzmyer 2008, p. 26. 2k13 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 2k14 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 2k15 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 2k16 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library leon levy 2q17 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q18 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q19 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 2q20 in the digital scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 2q21 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library fitzmyer 2008, pp. 26–27. 2q22 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f fitzmyer 2008 , p. 27. 2q23 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 2q24 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 2q25 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 2q26 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 3q1 in the leon levy collection a b c d e f g h i fitzmyer 2008, p. 28. 3q2 in leon levy collection 3q3 in leon levy collection 3q4 in leon levy collection 3q5 in leon levy collection 3q6 in leon levy collection 3q7 in the leon levy collection 3q8 in the leon levy collection 3q9 in the leon levy collection fitzmyer 2008, pp. 28-29. A b c d e f g h i fitzmyer 2008, p. 29. 3q14 in the collection of leon levy 3q15 in the collection of leon levy milik (1957). Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de juda [discoveries in the judean desert; milik (1976)]. Books of enoch: fragments of aramaic qumran cave 4 in collaboration with black m. 4q1 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q2 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q3 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea leon levy 4q4 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q5 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q6 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q7 in dead sea scrolls digital library by leon levy a b c d e f g h i j k l fitzmyer 2008, p. 30. 4q8 4qgen h1 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q8 4qgen h2 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q8 4qgen h-para in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q8 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 4q9 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 4q10 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 4q11 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library levy 4q12 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q13 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b 4q14 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library library 4q15 in the digital library dead sea scrolls by leon levy martinez and tigchelaar, dead sea scrolls study edition (brill 1997): pp. 246 a b c d e f g fitzmyer 2008, p. 31. 4q17 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q18 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q19 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q20 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 4q21 at the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q22 at the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q23 at the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32. 4q24 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g fitzmyer 2008, p. 32. 4q25 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q26 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q27 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q28 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 4q29 at the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33. A b c d e f g h i fitzmyer 2008, p. 33. A b c 4q38 in the dead sea scrolls digital library by leon levy. Accessed may 20, 2013 a b c d e f g h i j fitzmyer 2008, p. 34. 4q47 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35. 4q48 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f fitzmyer 2008 , p 35. 4q49 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q50 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q51 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q52 in leon levy's digital library dead sea scrolls leon levy 4q53 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q54 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g h fitzmyer 2008, p. 36. 4q55 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q56 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q57 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q58 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library leon levy 4q59 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q60 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q61 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g h i j k fitzmyer 2008, p . 37. 4q62 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q63 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q64 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q65 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 4q66 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q67 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q68 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q69 in the digital leon levy's dead sea scrolls library a b c martinez and tigchelaar, the dead sea scrolls study edition (brill 1997): pp. 270 a b c d e schiffman, lawrence; vanderkam, james (2008). Encyclopedia of the dead sea scrolls. Oxford university press. Isbn 9780195084504 . A b c d e flint, peter (2013). Dead sea scrolls. Nashville, tn: abingdon press. 68. Isbn 9780687494491. A b c d e f g h i j fitzmyer 2008, p. 38. 4q73 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q74 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library sanderson 1997. Djd 15: 215-218. 4q75 in the digital library dead sea scrolls leon levy 4q76 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q77 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q78 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g fitzmyer 2008, p. 39. 4q79 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q80 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q81 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q82 in leon digital library dead sea scrolls levy 4q83 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q84 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g h i j k l fitzmyer 2008, p. 41. 4q85 in the dead sea scrolls digital library by leon levy longacre, drew and brent a. Strawn. “New identification of the qumran psalm manuscript: 4q85 + 4q98c”, dead sea discoveries, doi: https://doi.Org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037 a b c d e f g h i fitzmyer 2008, p. 40. 4q86 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q87 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q88 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q89 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea leon levy 4q90 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q91 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q92 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q93 digital leon levy dead sea scrolls library 4q94 leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q95 leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q96 levi levi dead sea scrolls digital library 4q97 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q98 4qpsr in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q99 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g h i j fitzmyer 2008, p. 42. 4q100 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q101 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q102 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q103 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 4q104 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q105 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q106 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q107 in the digital in the leon levy dead sea scrolls library 4q108 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f g h i j fitzmyer 2008, p. 43. 4q109 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q110 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q111 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q112 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea leon levy 4q113 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q114 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q115 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q116 digital leon levy dead sea scrolls library 4q117 leon levy digital dead sea scrolls library 4q118 leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f fitzmyer 2008, p. 44. 4q119 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 4q120 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 4q121 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library 4q122 in leon levy's dead sea scrolls digital library leon levy 4q123 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q127 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44-45. 4q128 in the digital scrolls library dead sea by leon levy a b c d e f g h i fitzmyer 2008, p. 45. 4q129 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q130 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q131 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q132 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea leon levy 4q133 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q134 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q135 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q136 in digital dead sea scrolls library by leon levy a b c d e f g h i j k fitzmyer 2008, p. 46. 4q138 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q139 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q140 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q141 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea leon levy 4q142 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q143 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q144 in leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q145 digital leon levy dead sea scrolls library 4q146 leon levy digital dead sea scrolls library 4q147 leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q148 leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47. 4q149 in the leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b c d e f fitzmyer 2008, p. 47. 4q150 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q151 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q152 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library 4q153 in leon levy's digital dead sea scrolls library dead sea by leon levy 4q154 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library 4q155 at leon levy dead sea scrolls digital library a b wise, michael o.; Abegg, martin g.; Cook, edward m. 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— Abegg jr. Martin, peter flint, and eugene ulrich, bible the dead sea scrolls: the oldest known bible first translated into english, san francisco: harper, 2002. Isbn 0060600640, (contains the biblical part of the scrolls) - abegg jr. Martin, james e. Bowley, edward m. Cooke , emanuel tov. Consent of the dead sea scrolls, volume 1. “Agreement of the dead sea scrolls, volume 1.” Brill.Nl. 2007. Archived from the original on november 5, 2009. Retrieved october 21, 2010. Brill publishing 2003. Isbn 9004125213. Allegro, john marco, the dead sea scrolls and christian myth (isbn 0715376802), westbridge books, uk, 1979.- Berg, simon. A look at the dead sea scrolls: a beginner's guide, booksurge publishing, 2009. — Boccaccini, gabriele. Beyond the essene hypothesis: the parting paths between qumran and enochic judaism, grand rapids: erdmans, 1998. Burroughs, millar (1955). Dead sea scrolls. New york: viking. Isbn 0517625350. Burroughs, millar (1958). More light on the dead sea scrolls; new scrolls and new interpretations with translations of important recent discoveries. New york: viking. - Charlesworth, james h. “The theology of the dead sea scrolls.” Pp. Xv-xxi in qumran's faith: the theology of the dead sea scrolls. Edited by h. Ringgren. New york: crossroads, 1995. - Chernoivanenko, vitaly. “Jerusalem theory of the authorship of the dead sea scrolls: origin, evolution and discussion”, in ukrainian oriental studies: special issue on jewish studies, kyiv: center for oriental studies naukma. Omeliana pritsaka, 2011: 9-29. - Collins, john j. Apocalyptic in the dead sea scrolls, new york: routledge, 1997. - Collins, john j. And craig a. Evans. Christian origins and the dead sea scrolls, grand rapids: baker, 2006. - Cook, edward m. (1994). Unraveling the mysteries of the dead sea scrolls: a new look at the bible, grand rapids, mi: zondervan. Cross, frank moore (1995). The ancient library of qumran, 3rd ed. Minneapolis: fortress press. Isbn 0800628071 davis, a. Powell (1956). Significance of the dead sea scrolls. Signet. Davis, philip r. George j. Brooke and philip r. Callaway (2002). The complete world of the dead sea scrolls, london: thames and hudson. Isbn 0500051119 - de vaux, roland, archeology and the dead sea scrolls (schweich lectures of the british academy, 1959). Oxford: oxford university press, 1973. — Dimant, deborah, and uriel rappaport (eds.), The dead sea scrolls: forty years of research, leiden and jerusalem: e.J. Brill, magnes press, yad izhak ben-zvi, 1992. Eisenman, robert h. The dead sea scrolls and the first christians, shaftesbury: element, 1996. — Eisenman, robert h. And michael o. . Wise. The dead sea scrolls uncovered: the first complete translation and interpretation of 50 key documents hidden for over 35 years, shaftesbury: element, 1992. — Eisenman, robert h. And james robinson, dead sea scrolls facsimile volume 2, washington, dc : society for biblical archeology, 1991. - Fitzmyer, joseph a. 101 dead sea scroll questions answered, paulist press, 1992, isbn 0809133482 fitzmyer, joseph a. (2008) . A guide to the dead sea scrolls and related literature. Grand rapids, mi: william b. Erdmans publishing. Isbn 978-0802862419. Archived from the original on november 15, 2016. Retrieved march 9, 2019 — galore, katharina, jean-baptiste humbert, and jurgen zangenberg.Qumran: the site of the dead sea scrolls: archaeological interpretations and debate: proceedings of a conference held at brown university, november 17-19, 2002, edited by florentino garcia martinez, judean desert text studies 57. Leiden: brill, 2006. — Garcia-martinez, florentino, the dead sea scrolls in translation: the qumran texts in english (translated from spanish into english by wilfred g. E. Watson) (leiden: e. J. Brill, 1994). — Garcia martinez florentino, eibert j. K. Tigchelaar, editors, the dead sea scrolls study edition, brill, 1999. Who wrote the dead sea scrolls? In search of the mystery of qumran, new york: scribner, 1995. - Golb, norman, on the jerusalem origin of the dead sea scrolls. Archived 2010-06-10 at the wayback machine, university of chicago oriental institute, 2009 june 5.- Helin, theodore, the dead sea scrolls, new age center for bible and philosophy, 1957, 1987 reprint, isbn 0933963165 hirschfeld, izhar, qumran in context: a reassessment of the archaeological evidence, peabody: hendrickson publishers, 2004.- The israelite, raphael, routledge's piracy at qumran: the battle for the pre-christian era scrolls], transaction publishers: 2008 isbn 978-1412807036- habbaz, k. “Les manuscrits de la mer morte et le secret de leurs auteurs”, beirut, 2006 (ce livre identifie les auteurs des fameux manuscrits de la mer morte et dévoile leur secret) — magen, yitzhak, and yuval peleg, the qumran excavations, 1993-2004: preliminary report, jsp 6 (jerusalem: israel antiquities authority, 2007) download archived november 28, 2007, at way. Back machine — magen, yitzhak, and yuval peleg, back to qumran: ten years of excavation and exploration, 1993-2004 dead sea scroll locations: archaeological interpretations and debate (studies on the judean desert texts 57), brill, 2006 (p. 55-116).- Magness, jody, the archeology of qumran and the dead sea scrolls, grand rapids: erdmans, 2002.- Meyer, johann, the temple scroll, [german edition 1978], (sheffield: jsot press [supplement 34], 1985).Milik, józef tadeusz, ten years of discovery in the judean desert, london: scm, 1959.- Muro, e.A. Enoch's greek fragments. From qumran cave 7 (7q4, 7q8, &7q12 = 7qen gr = enoch 103:3-4, 7-8)”. Revue de qumran 18, no. 70 (1997): 307, 12, pl. 1.- O'callaghan-martinez, josep, cartas cristianas griegas del siglo v, barcelona: e. Balmes, 1963.Cimron, elisha, dead sea scroll jew, harvard semitic studies, 1986. (This serious discussion of the hebrew language of the scrolls.) - Rengstorf, karl heinrich, hirbet qumran und die bibliothek vom toten meer, translated by j. R. Wilkie. Stuttgart: w. Kohlhammer, 1960. - Roitman, adolfo, ed. A day at qumran: the dead sea sect and its scrolls. Jerusalem: israel museum, 1998. Sanders, james a. Ed. The dead sea scrolls: qumran cave psalm scroll 11 (11qpsa), (1965) oxford, clarendon press. Schiffman, lawrence h. Restoring the dead sea scrolls: their true meaning for judaism and christianity, anchor bible reference library (doubleday) 1995, isbn 0385481217 (schiffman has proposed two plausible theories of origin and identity - a splinter group of sadducees, or perhaps a a group of essenes with sadducean roots.) Excerpts from this book can be read in cojs: the dead sea scrolls. Schiffman, lawrence h. And james c. Vanderkam, eds. Encyclopedia of the dead sea scrolls. 2 vols. New york: oxford university press, 1999.- Shanks, hershel, the mystery and meaning of the dead sea scrolls, vintage press 1999, isbn 0679780890 (an introduction to their discovery and the history of their research is recommended)- stegemann , hartmut. “The qumran essenes: local members of the mainstream jewish alliance at the end of second temple times”. Pp. 83–166 in madrid qumran congress: proceedings of the international dead sea scrolls congress, madrid, march 18–21, 1991, edited by j. Trebolle barrera and l. Vegas mountainer. Volume. 11 studies of the judean desert texts. Leiden: brill, 1992. - Tiede, karsten peter, the dead sea scrolls and the jewish origins of christianity, palgrave 2000, isbn 0312293615thiering, barbara, jesus man, new york: atria, 2006. - Thiering, barbara, jesus and the mystery of the dead sea scrolls (isbn 0060677821), new york: harpercollins, 1992- vanderkam, james c. The dead sea scrolls today, grand rapids: erdmans, 1994. Vermes , geza, the complete dead sea scrolls in english, london: penguin, 1998. Isbn 0140245014 (7th ed. Isbn 978-0141197319, 2011)- wise, michael o. Martin abegg jr. And edward cooke, the dead sea scrolls: a new translation (1996), harper san francisco, paperback, 1999, isbn 0060692014 (contains the non-biblical part of the scrolls, including fragments) — yadin, yigael. The temple scroll: the hidden law of the dead sea sect, new york: random house, 1985.Other sources Dead sea scrolls study vol 1: 1q1 - 4q273, vol. 2: 4q274 - 11q31, (cd), logos research systems, inc. (Contains non-biblical part of the scrolls with hebrew and aramaic transcriptions in parallel with english translations)interactive complex cross-reference module for the dead sea scrolls, josephus, philo, nag hammadi library, pseudepigrapha, old testament apocrypha, new testament apocrypha, plato, pythagoras, dhammapada, egyptian book of the dead, tacitus, talmud, new and old testaments, apostolic and early church fathers archived july 14, 2017 at the wayback machinefurther reading - Harrison, r. K. The dead sea scrolls: an introduction, in the cloister library series. New york: harper torchbooks. 1961. [Isbn missing] angela kim harkins and mladen popovich, eds. (November 2015). Discoveries of the dead sea. About. 22.3: religious experience and the dead sea scrolls.External links Biblical sites: qumran caveschabad.Org: what are the dead sea scrolls? Leon levy dead sea scrolls digital libraryisrael museum, jerusalem: shrine of the book - dead sea scrollsmy jewish education: the dead sea scrollsvt e 4q1064q1074q1084q1204q1264q127- 4q1664q1754q2404q2464q2524q4484q5214q5424qdeuteronomy (4q41)4qinstruction (4q415-418, 4q418a, 4q423, 1q26)4qmmt (4q394-399)6q67q5 11q5 great scroll of psalms11qpaleolev11q13 melchizedek11q18 new jerusalembarhi nafshi (4q434-438)book of giantsbook of secrets (1q27 and 4q299-301)community rules (1qs, 4qs, 5q11, 5q13)copper scroll (3q15)damascus document (cd)apocrypha of genesis (1qapgen ar)commentary on genesisroll of the greek minor prophets from nahal- heberhabakkuk's commentary (1qphab)the scroll of isaiah (1qisaa,1qisab) commentary by nahum (4qpnah/4q169)new jerusalem scrollpaleo-jewish leviticus scroll (11qpaleolev)physiognomy/horoscopes (4q186)pseudo-ezekielblessing rule (1qsb) assembly rule (1qsa)samuel scrollseekers of smoothnesssongs of the sabbath sacrifice (4q400-407)songs of the sage (4q510-511)temple scroll (11q19)hymns of thanksgiving ( 1qh)the war of the messiah/text of the impaled messiah (4q285/11q14)the war of the sons of light against the sons of darkness (1qm)qumranthe caves of qumran 1234567891011 Essenessadduceescarbon analysisyahad ostraconpescherdouble messiahsteacher of righteousnessevil priestcalendar textsmartin g. Abeggjohn marco allegrojoseph m. Baumgartenjohn j. Collinssidney white crawfordfrank moore crossandré dupont-sommerrobert eisenmanhanaan esheljoseph fitzmyer peter w. Flintdavid noel friedmanjamal-dominic hopkinsj. Jean-baptiste humbertflorentino garcia martineznorman golbegerald lankester hardingyzhar hirschfeldernest-marie laperrousazjodi magnessjozef milikelisha kimronjames a. Sanderslawrence schiffmanherschel shankspatrick w. Skehansolomon h.

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